Principais implicações terapêuticas à qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer de colo uterino: uma revisão narrativa / Therapeutic implications to the quality of life of cervical cancer's patients: a narrative review

O câncer de colo uterino é o quarto tipo mais incidente e fatal entre as mulheres no Brasil e no mundo, o que representa mundialmente em torno de 600 mil novos casos e mais de 300 mil mortes a cada ano. Assim como o diagnóstico, o tratamento da doença pode impactar de forma significativa a qualidade de vida dessas pacientes. A aplicação de questionários que avaliem os diferentes aspectos da qualidade de vida das mulheres afetadas por esse câncer é uma ferramenta relevante, pois auxilia na compreensão e identificação dos principais danos relacionados ao tratamento. Este trabalho visa analisar a literatura atual que investiga e relata os principais efeitos à qualidade de vida de mulheres com câncer de colo uterino associados a diferentes modalidades terapêuticas e, desse modo, contribuir nas escolhas de tratamento e manejo clínico que resultem em menores impactos à qualidade de vida dessas mulheres.(AU)

Cervical cancer is the fourth most incident and fatal cancer type among women in Brazil and worldwide. This data represents around 600 thousand new cases worldwide each year and more than 300 thousand lives lost. Both diagnosis and treatment can significantly impact the quality of life of cervical cancer patients. The application of questionnaires that assess the different aspects of the quality of life of women affected by this cancer is a relevant tool, as it helps to understand and identify the main damages related to the treatment. This article aims to analyze the current literature that reports the main effects on the quality of life of women with cervical cancer associated with different therapeutic modalities. In this way, the review could assist in the treatment choices that imply less impact on the quality of life of these women.(AU)

Research progress of sentinel lymph node biopsy technique in cervical cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignant carcinoma in Chinese women, which seriously threatens women's health. Lymph node metastasis is the most important factor affecting the prognosis and adjuvant treatment of patients with early cervical cancer. Conventional systematic lymphadenectomy has always been a reliable method to detect lymph node metastasis. However, this procedure may affect the quality of life of patients because of high risks of complications. Recently, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been researched aiming to assess the status of pelvic lymph node metastasis intraoperatively, avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomy and achieve the goal of individualized diagnosis and treatment. Exploring efficient tracing methods and pathological ultra-staging is the key to the clinical application of SLNB for cervical cancer, and understanding the latest relevant clinical research progress will help SLNB to be applied in the clinic as soon as possible to benefit patients with cervical cancer.

Automatic Post-operative Cervical Cancer Target Area and Organ at Risk Outlining Based on Fusion Convolutional Neural Network / 中国医疗器械杂志

CT image based organ segmentation is essential for radiotherapy treatment planning, and it is laborious and time consuming to outline the endangered organs and target areas before making radiation treatment plans. This study proposes a fully automated segmentation method based on fusion convolutional neural network to improve the efficiency of physicians in outlining the endangered organs and target areas. The CT images of 170 postoperative cervical cancer stage IB and IIA patients were selected for network training and automatic outlining of bladder, rectum, femoral head and CTV, and the neural network was used to localize easily distinguishable vessels around the target area to achieve more accurate outlining of CTV.

Cervical mesonephric adenocarcinoma: A case report of a rare gynecological tumor from embryological remains of the female genital tract / Adenocarcinoma mesonéfrico cervical: Relato de caso de um tumor ginecológico raro de restos embriológicos do trato genital feminino

Abstract Introduction Malignant mesonephric tumors are uncommon in the female genital tract, and they are usually located where embryonic remnants of Wolffian ducts are detected, such as the uterine cervix. The information about these tumors, their treatment protocol, and prognosis are scarce. Case report A 60-year-old woman with postmenopausal vaginal bleeding was initially diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma. After suspicion co-testing, the patient underwent a loop electrosurgical excision of the cervix and was eventually diagnosed with mesonephric adenocarcinoma. She was subjected to a radical hysterectomy, which revealed International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) IB1 stage, and adjuvant radiotherapy. The follow-up showed no evidence of recurrence after 60 months. Conclusion We present the case of a woman with cervical mesonephric adenocarcinoma. When compared with the literature, this case had the longest clinical follow-up without evidence of recurrence, which reinforces the concept that these tumors are associated with a favorable prognosis if managed according to the guidelines defined for the treatment of patients with cervical adenocarcinomas. Though a rare entity, it should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis for other cervical cancers.

Caracterización epidemiológica, clínica e histopatológica de los tumores malignos de cérvix en las pacientes sometidas a histerectomía radical tipo Wertheim-Meigs que acuden al servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital General San Juan de Dios, de Guatemala (enero 2017 a diciembre del 2018) / Epidemiological, clinical and histopathological characterization of malignant tumors of the cervix in patients undergoing Wertheim-Meigs radical hysterectomy who attend the Gynecology and Obstetrics service of the San Juan de Dios General Hospital, Guatemala (January 2017 to December 2018)

Los tumores malignos de cérvix continúan siendo un problema de salud pública para nuestro país, es por ello que se consideró de importancia realizar este estudio. Se estudiaron las características clínicas más frecuentes encontradas en las pacientes sometidas dentro de los cuales encontramos como principal motivo de consulta el dolor pélvico con un 86.75%, seguido del sangrado con un 84.34% finalizando con la leucorrea con el 79.52%. En cuanto a la clasificación de los tumores malignos se comprobó que la mayoría de las pacientes presentaron el estadio CaCu IB1 con el 91.57% seguido del CaCu IA1 con el 6.02% finalizando con el CaCu IB2 con el 2.41%. Así mismo, se pudo determinar que los tumores malignos de cérvix más frecuentes en las pacientes estudiadas fue el carcinoma epitelial, seguido del adenocarcinoma de cérvix, siendo su histopatología más encontrada el carcinoma epidermoide no queratinizante de células grandes con el 53.01%. (AU)

Uterine Cervical Cancer continues to be one of the main public health problems in Guatemala, thus being important to do this type of research. The most frequent clinical characteristics found in the present study were pelvic pain (86.75%) followed by bleeding in 84.34% and vaginal discharge in 79.52%. Most of the patients were classified as Stage IB1 (91.57%) followed by Stage IA1(6/02%) and Stage IB2 (2.41%). The most frequent Histologic Type was Squamous Carcinoma. (AU)

Descrição da frequência de margens livres em CAF com alça diatérmica triangular modificada / Description of the frequency of resection margins in leep whith modified triangular diathermy loop

O câncer de colo de útero é uma doença invasiva causada pelo vírus oncogênico do HPV. Sendo o terceiro câncer maligno mais comum na mulher. O tratamento das lesões de câncer colo uterino é realizado a partir de métodos ablativos ou excisionais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o sucesso e a frequência de margens livres nas peças cirúrgicas obtidas por meio de cirurgia de alta frequência (CAF), utilizando uma alça diatérmica triangular modificada. Foi um estudo transversal, retrospectivo e descritivo. Os dados foram obtidos através de prontuários de pacientes submetidas a CAF com documentação do exame anatomopatológico, entre 07/10/15 até 31/08/2020. A coleta foi realizada em 34 pacientes que realizaram esse tratamento. Os resultados mostraram que 29 pacientes tiveram margens tanto ectocervical como endocervical livre. Conclui-se que a técnica utilizando a alça diatérmica triangular modificada mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento de lesões no colo do útero por HPV

Cervical cancer is an invasive disease caused by the oncogenic virus HPV. It's the third most common malign cancer in women. The treatment of the cervical cancer lesions is performed by ablative or excisional techniques. This study's objective was to evaluate the success and frequency of resection margins on surgical resections obtained by large loop excision of the transformation zone (LEEP), using a modified triangular diathermy loop. It was a cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive study. The data was obtained through the records of patients who had undergone LEEP with the documentation of the anatomopathological examination between October 7th 2015 and August 31st 2020. The collection was performed in 34 patients who had undergone this treatment. The results showed that 29 patients had both ectocervical and endocervical resection margins. The conclusion was that the technique using a modified triangular diathermy loop presented itself as effective in the cervical cancer lesions treatment

Sobrevida após exenteração pélvica em câncer de colo de útero recidivado: uma série de cinco casos / Survival after pelvic exenteration in recurrent cervical cancer: a series of five cases

A exenteração pélvica pode curar pacientes com câncer de colo do útero com recorrência central após radioterapia e quimioterapia. A avaliação pré-operatória é essencial para excluir doença metastática e evitar cirurgias desnecessárias nesse cenário. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a sobrevida de uma série de casos de pacientes submetidas à exenteração pélvica em clínica privada de Teresina. Este é o resultado parcial de um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, transversal e descritivo, realizado em uma clínica privada especializada no tratamento do câncer em Teresina, PI, Brasil, de junho de 2002 a fevereiro de 2020. Cinco pacientes foram incluídas no estudo, com idades entre 29 e 62 anos. No presente estudo, a sobrevida mediana foi de 44,8 meses. Duas pacientes estão vivas e sem doença com seguimento de 201 e 5 meses, respectivamente.(AU)

Pelvic exenteration can heal patients with cervical cancer with central recurrence after radiotherapy and / or chemotherapy. Preoperative evaluation is essential to exclude metastatic disease and to avoid unnecessary surgery in this scenario. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the survival of a series of cases of patients submitted to pelvic exenteration in a private clinic in Teresina. This is the partial result of an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study, conducted at a private clinic specialized in cancer treatment in Teresina, Brazil, from June 2002 to February 2020. Five patients were included in the study, aged between 29 and 62 years. In the present study, the median survival was 44,8 months. Two patients are alive and without disease with a follow-up of 201 and 5 months, respectively.(AU)

Chinese expert consensus on nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

Cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy. Radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer could cause damage to pelvic autonomic nerves, leading to postoperative urination, defecation and sexual dysfunction. In order to improve the postoperative quality of life, the international Querleu-Morrow (Q-M) surgical classification system recommends the nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy (type-C1) as the mainstay operation. The Gynecologic Oncology Group affiliated to Chinese Obstetricians and Gynecologists Association has invited a number of domestic specialists and conducted in-depth discussions on key issues such as anatomical basis, surgical indications, techniques, postoperative evaluation for nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy. Finally, the specialists reach a consensus to guide the standardized application of this procedure in China.

Expert consensus on clinical application of sentinel lymph node biopsy for cervical cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

Cervical cancer is a common gynecologic malignancy. Most patients with early-stage cervical cancer received unnecessary systemic pelvic lymphadenectomy, which increased the risk of surgical complications. At present, sentinel lymph node biopsy has been applied in the clinical practice of cervical cancer abroad, however it is still at the starting stage in China in need of application and promotion. The Obstetrics and Gynecology Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association invited domestic experts in the field of gynecologic oncology to discuss the application value, patient evaluation, technical methods, operation steps, pathological examination and many other key points of sentinel lymph node biopsy based on the current research status, and reached the consensus of clinical application on sentinel lymph node biopsy in cervical cancer to guide the standardized application of the technique in China.

Mioma en remanente cervical tras histerectomía supracervical laparoscópica, presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Myoma in cervical remnant after laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy, case report and literature review

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los leiomiomas uterinos son el tumor pélvico más frecuente en la mujer, derivan de las células musculares lisas del miometrio y pueden localizarse en cualquiera de las porciones uterinas. Se clasifican según su relación con las diferentes capas del útero mediante la clasificación de la FIGO. Pueden ser asintomáticos o producir síntomas como sangrado, problemas reproductivos o dolor por compresión de estructuras vecinas. El tratamiento puede ser médico o quirúrgico, teniendo dentro de este último grupo, la posibilidad de realizar una miomectomía o una histerectomía total o subtotal. La histerectomía subtotal permite mantener el cérvix uterino, de tal forma que la técnica quirúrgica es más sencilla, sin embargo, requiere de la morcelación de la pieza para su extracción; mientras que la histerectomía total elimina el riesgo de recidiva de la patología uterocervical, aunque precisa de una mayor curva de aprendizaje. CASO CLÍNICO: Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 52 años a la que se le realizó una histerectomía supracervical laparoscópica por miomas. Posteriormente, se objetivó la aparición de un nuevo mioma en el remanente cervical, que requirió de una traquelectomía vía vaginal. CONCLUSIÓN: La histerectomía subtotal laparoscópica en úteros con múltiples miomas puede tener como efecto adverso la recidiva miomatosa en el cérvix o la aparición de miomas parasitarios secundarios a la morcelación uterina no estanca. Además, implica continuar con el cribado para la prevención del cáncer de cérvix uterino.

BACKGROUND: Uterine leiomyomas are the most frequent pelvic tumor in women. They derive from smooth muscle cells of the myometrium and can be in any of the uterine parts. They are classified according to their relationship with the different layers of the uterus by the FIGO classification. Uterine leiomyomas can be asymptomatic or produce symptoms such as compression pain, reproductive problems and metrorrhagia. The treatment can be medical or surgical. Within this last group there is the possibility of performing a myomectomy or a total or subtotal hysterectomy. The subtotal hysterectomy allows the uterine cervix to be maintained and therefore the surgical technique is simpler. However, it requires the morcellation of the piece for its removal. Alternatively, total hysterectomy eliminates the risk of recurrence of uterocervical pathology, but this procedure presents a steeper learning curve. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of a patient of 52 years who underwent a laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy for myomas. Subsequently, the appearance of a new myoma in the cervical remnant was observed, which required a vaginal trachelectomy. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy in myomatous uterus can have as an adverse effect myomatous recurrence in the cervix or the appearance of parasitic myomas secondary to non-contained uterine morcellation. In addition, it involves continuing screening for the prevention of cervical cancer.

Analysis of conization results in patients undergoing hysterectomy for uterine adenocarcinoma / Análise dos resultados de conização nos pacientes submetidos a histerectomia por adenocarcinoma uterino

Abstract Objective To observe if the histopathological result of a conization performed after cervical adenocarcinoma in situ diagnosis is compatible with the histopathological analysis of a subsequent hysterectomy. Methods The present descriptive and observational research consisted of the analysis of the medical records of 42 patients who were diagnosed with in situ adenocarcinoma postconization. The analysis consisted of whether there was compatibility between the histopathological reports of conization and hysterectomy and if there was an association between adenocarcinoma in situ and another neoplasia (squamous disease). Interpretation of any immunohistochemistry reports obtained was also performed. In addition, clinical and epidemiological data were also analyzed. Results A total of 42 conizations were performed, 33 (79%) were cold knife conizations and 9 (21%) were loop electrosurgical excision procedures (LEEPs). Of the patients analyzed, 5 (10%) chose not to undergo subsequent hysterectomy to preserve fertility or were < 25 years old. Out of the 37 patients with adenocarcinoma in situ who underwent subsequent hysterectomy, 6 (16%) presented with residual disease. This findingprovedincompatiblewiththe finding of the conizations, which had ruled out invasive cancer. Conclusion The prevalence of adenocarcinoma in situ increased in the past years. There is still a large part of the medical literature that advocates the use of conservative treatment for this disease, even though it is common knowledge that it is a multifocal disease. However, the majority of studies advocate that hysterectomy should remain the preferred treatment for women who have already completed their reproductive purpose.

Resumo Objetivo Observar se o resultado proveniente de uma conização realizada após o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma cervical in situ é compatível com a análise histopatológica da histerectomia. Métodos A pesquisa foi descritiva e observacional e consistiu na análise de prontuário de 42 pacientes que tiveram o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma in situ obtidas por conização. Foram analisados se havia compatibilidade entre os laudos de conização e histerectomia, margens do cone, se havia associação com outra patologia (doença escamosa) e interpretação de eventuais laudos histoquímicos obtidos. Além disso, também foram analisados dados clínico-epidemiológicos. Resultados Foram realizadas 42 conizações, sendo 33 (79%) por cone clássico e 9 (21%) por cirurgia de alta frequência. Das pacientes analisadas, 5 (10%) não foram submetidas a histerectomia por desejarem manter a fertilidade ou por terem idade < 25 anos. Das 37 pacientes com adenocarcinoma in situ no exame prévio realizado e que foram submetidas à histerectomia posteriormente, 6 (16%) apresentaram doença residual após o procedimento cirúrgico, apresentando laudos do anatomopatológico pós-histerectomia incompatíveis com o achado na conização que atestava margens livres. Conclusão A prevalência do adenocarcinoma in situ vemaumentando cada vez mais. Ainda há uma grande parte da literatura que defende o uso do tratamento conservador para esta doença, mesmo sabendo que ela é uma doença multifocal e que pode estar presente mesmo em situações nas quais o anatomopatológico evidencie margens livres. Tendo em vista essas características, a maioria preconiza que a histerectomia continua a ser o tratamento preferencial nas mulheres que já completaram o seu intuito reprodutivo.

Papel de la linfadenectomía paraaórtica inframesentérica durante la histerectomía radical en pacientes con cáncer cervical estadio IB1 en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología Bogotá, Colombia / Role of inframesenteric para-aortic lymphadenectomy during radical hysterectomy in patients with IB1 cervical cancer in Instituto Nacional de Cancerología Bogota, Colombia

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer cervical es una patología común en países en vías de desarrollo. La histerectomía radical es el estándar de manejo en estadios tempranos sin deseo de fertilidad. La linfadenectomía paraaórtica como parte del tratamiento quirúrgico es controversial. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la frecuencia de compromiso ganglionar paraaórtico en una serie retrospectiva de pacientes con carcinoma cervical estadio IB1 (clasificación FIGO 2009) llevadas a histerectomía radical mas linfadenectomía pélvica y paraaórtica en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología durante el periodo de enero 1 de 2009 a marzo 31 de 2017. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se describieron variables clínicas, operatorias e histopatológicas. Se determinó la frecuencia de compromiso ganglionar a nivel paraaórtico o pélvico, y concurrente. Se realizó análisis univariado en el software estadístico R Project versión 3.6.0. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 88 casos. El promedio de edad fue 44,24 ± 9,99 años. La mediana del número de ganglios pélvicos y paraaórticos resecados fue de 23 (6-68) y 4 (1-25), respectivamente. En el 12,5% de las pacientes se observó compromiso tumoral ganglionar pélvico. No se detectó compromiso metastásico de ganglios paraórticos en ningún caso. Dos pacientes presentaron recaída ganglionar paraaórtica durante el seguimiento, recibiendo tratamiento con quimioterapia y quimiorradioterapia de campo extendido, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: En este estudio no se detectó compromiso paraaórtico en pacientes con cáncer cervical IB1 sometidas a histerectomía radical. Este resultado se debe considerar al ofrecer linfadenectomía paraaórtica en pacientes con ganglios pélvicos aparentemente normales en el acto operatorio y/o en los estudios de imágenes prequirúrgicas.

INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer is a common pathology in developing countries. Radical hysterectomy is the standard of management in early stages without desire for fertility. Paraaortic lymphadenectomy as part of surgical treatment is controversial. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of paraaortic lymph node involvement in a retrospective series of patients with stage IB1 cervical carcinoma (FIGO 2009 classification) underwent to radical hysterectomy plus pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia during the period of January 1 2009 to March 31 2017. METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective study. Clinical, operative, and histopathological variables were described. The frequency of paraaortic, pelvic, concurrent lymph node involvement and adjuvant treatment was determined. A univariate analysis of the variables was performed in the R project statistical software version 3.6.0. RESULTS: 88 cases were included. The mean age was 44,24 ± 9,99 years. The median number of resected pelvic and para-aortic nodes was 23 (6-68) and 4 (1-25), respectively. In 12,5 % of the patients, involvement of the pelvic lymph nodes was present. No patient had paraaortic lymph node involvement. Two patients presented para-aortic lymph node relapse during follow-up, receiving treatment with chemotherapy and extended field chemoradiotherapy, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, the frequency of paraaortic involvement in patients with cervical cancer IB1 was 0%. This result should be considered when offering paraaortic lymphadenectomy in patients with apparently normal pelvic nodes in presurgical imaging studies and during the procedure.

Análise do manejo cirúrgico de pacientes com câncer cervical recidivado após radioterapia e quimioterapia / Analysis of the surgical management of patients with recurrent cervical cancer after radiotherapy and chemotherapy

RESUMO Objetivos: Analisar os resultados de morbidade e sobrevida após cirurgias curativas e paliativas em pacientes com câncer cervical recidivado após tratamento primário com radioterapia e quimioterapia. Outro objetivo foi avaliar os fatores associados aos procedimentos curativos e não curativos. Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes submetidos à cirurgias curativas e paliativas, entre janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2017, em um centro de alta complexidade em oncolologia. O desfecho da morbidade foi relatado de acordo com a classificação de Clavien-Dindo e a análise de sobrevida foi realizada pelo método de Kaplan-Meir. Para avaliar os fatores associados aos procedimentos, foi realizada análise univariada pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Foram realizadas duas histerectomias radicais, três exenterações pélvicas com intenção curativa e cinco exenterações pélvicas paliativas. No grupo curativo, houve complicações maiores em 40% dos casos, e o tempo mediano de sobrevida foi 16 meses. No grupo paliativo, houve complicações maiores em 60% dos casos, e o tempo mediano de sobrevida foi 5 meses. Estadiamento avançado (p=0,02), sintomas (p=0,04), tamanho do tumor maior que cinco centímetros (p=0,04) e mais de três órgãos envolvidos (p=0,003) foram fatores significativamente associados a cirurgia não curativa. Conclusões: As taxas de morbidade foram maiores no grupo paliativo, e o tempo mediano de sobrevida foi menor no grupo paliativo do que no grupo curativo, entretanto esta diferença na sobrevida não teve significância estatística. Estádio avançado, sintomas, tamanho tumoral e número de órgãos envolvidos são fatores que devem ser levados em consideração na indicação de resgate cirúrgico.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To analyze the results of morbidity and survival after curative and palliative surgery in recurrent cervical cancer patients who underwent chemoradiation as their primary treatment. Another goal was to assess the factors associated with curative and non-curative procedures. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort consisting of patients undergoing surgery curative and palliative from January 2011 to December 2017 at a high complexity oncology center. Outcome of morbidity was reported according to the Clavien-Dindo classification, and survival analysis was carried out using the Kaplan-Meir method. To assess the factors associated with the procedures, a univariate analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test was performed. Results: Two radical hysterectomies, three pelvic exenterations with curative intent, and five palliatives pelvic exenterations were performed. In the curative group, there were major complications in 40% of the cases, and the median survival time was 16 months. In the palliative group, there were major complications in 60% of the cases, and the median survival time was 5 months. Advanced staging (p-value= 0.02), symptoms (p-value=0.04), tumor size greater than five centimeters (p-value=0.04), and more than three organs involved (p-value=0.003) were factors significantly associated with non-curative surgery. Conclusions: The morbidity rates of this study were higher in palliative group, and the median survival time was lower in the palliative group than the curative group, but this difference in survival was not statistically significant. Advanced stage, symptoms, tumor size and number of organs involved are factors that should be taken into consideration when indicating surgical salvage.

Efficacy and safety of cryotherapy, cold cone or thermocoagulation compared to LEEP as a therapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Systematic review / Eficacia y seguridad de crioterapia, cono frio o termo-coagulación en comparación con LEEP como terapia para la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical: Revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy and safety of the use of cryotherapy, cold knife or thermocoagulation compared to Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. METHODS Systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia undergoing treatment with cryotherapy, cold knife, or thermo-coagulation compared with LEEP, to estimate its efficacy and safety. The search was conducted on MEDLINE/PUBMED, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Scopus, until September 2018. RESULTS The total of 72 studies were identified, of which only 8 studies met the inclusion criteria. The treatment of CIN with cold knife decreases the risk of residual disease compared with LEEP (RR, 0.54, 95%CI, 0.30-0.96, p = 0.04). The management of premalignant lesions with cryotherapy, compared with LEEP, increases the risk of disease recurrence by 86% (RR, 1.86, 95%CI, 1.16-2.97, p = 0.01), increases the risk of infections (RR, 1.17, 95%CI, 1.08-1.28, p < 0.001) and reduces the risk of minor bleeding by 51% (RR, 0.49, 95%CI) %, 0.40-0.59, p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The treatment of premalignant lesions of cervical cancer with cold knife reduces the risk of residual disease. Nevertheless, cryotherapy reduces the risk of minor bleeding in the 24 hours after treatment and increases the risk of recurrence of disease and infections.

RESUMEN OBJETIVOS Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del uso de crioterapia, cono frio o termo-coagulación en comparación con el procedimiento de escisión electroquirúrgica en asa (LEEP) para el manejo de neoplasias intraepiteliales cervicales. MÉTODOS Revisión sistemática de ensayos controlados aleatorizados en mujeres con neoplasia intraepitelial cervical en tratamiento con crioterapia, cono frio, o termo coagulación y LEEP, para estimar su eficacia y seguridad. La búsqueda se realizó en MEDLINE/PUBMED, Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (CENTRAL) y Scopus, hasta setiembre de 2018. RESULTADOS Se identificaron 72 estudios, ocho cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Cono frio disminuyó el riesgo de enfermedad residual en comparación con LEEP (RR 0,54; IC del 95%, 0,30-0,96, p = 0,04). Crioterapia en comparación con LEEP incrementó el riesgo de recurrencia de enfermedad en un 86,0% (RR 1,86; IC del 95%, 1,16-2,97, p = 0,01) con un tiempo de seguimiento de seis a 24 meses, y de infecciones (RR, 1,17; IC del 95%, 1,08-1,28, p < 0,001); pero redujo el riesgo de sangrado menor en un 51,0% (RR 0,49; IC del 95%, 0,40-0,59, p ≤ 0,001). CONCLUSIONES Cono frio reduce el riesgo de enfermedad residual. Sin embargo, la crioterapia reduce el riesgo de sangrado menor en las 24 horas posteriores al tratamiento e incrementa el riesgo de recurrencia de enfermedad y de infecciones.

Resultados preliminares en la implementación de una técnica de detección de ganglio centinela en cáncer de cuello uterino y endometrio en un hospital público y centro formador en chile / Preliminary results in the implementation of a sentinel node detection technique in cervical and endometrial cancer in a public hospital and training center in Chile

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la técnica de azul patente (disponible en todo el territorio nacional) en el ganglio centinela para la estadificación del cáncer cérvico uterino y en-dometrial. Método Estudio prospectivo realizado entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2018. Se evaluó la técnica de azul patente para la detección de ganglio centinela en la estadificación del cáncer cérvico uterino y endometrial, antes de la linfadenectomía pélvica estándar. La inyección del azul patente se aplicó en el cuello uterino (1 cc 1 cm de profundidad y 1 cc superficial) a las 3 y 9 horas, 20 minutos antes del inicio de la cirugía (laparotomía o laparoscópica). La identifica-ción y extracción del ganglio centinela fue realizado por un ginecólogo oncólogo certificado y evaluado mediante histología tradicional con hematoxilina y eosina (H&E). Resultado Se realiza-ron un total de 80 cirugías. El ganglio centinela se identificó en 75 (94%) pacientes, 60 (75%) bilateralmente; Con una detección media de 1,9 nodos por paciente. El sitio de identificación más frecuente fue la fosa obturatriz (43,9%), seguida de los vasos ilíacos externos. Otro 2,6% de los nodos fueron encontrados en sitios poco comunes. Entre los ganglios linfáticos seleccio-nados, 10 casos fueron positivos para el cáncer. No hubo ganglio centinela falso negativo. La tasa de detección fue del 83%, con una especificidad del 95%. Conclusiones Los datos aquí expuestos nos permiten estandarizar e implementar el uso de gan-glio centinela con azul patente. El uso de GC adecua la cirugía a la necesidad de la paciente, con una clara disminución en la incidencia de complicaciones asociadas a la linfadenectomía. Este trabajo forma parte de un estudio inicial el cual se debe complementar con el uso de la tin-ción de verde de indocianina y el estudio anatomo patológico con ultraestadiaje para obtener una validación e implementación adecuada del GC en la etapificación en cáncer de cérvix y endo-metrio.

SUMMARY Objective To assess the diagnostic performance of patent blue dye technique (available in the whole country) in sentinel lymph node for cervical and endometrial cancer staging. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted between January 2014 to December 2018. Patent blue dye technique was assessed for the detection of sentinel lymph node in cervical and endometrial cancer staging, before standard pelvic lymphadenectomy. Blue dye injection was applied in the cervix (1cc 1cm deep and 1cc superficial) at 3 and 9 hour, 20 minutes prior start-ing a surgery (laparotomy or laparoscopic). The sentinel lymph node was collected by a certified surgeon and assessed by traditional histologic hematoxylin and eosin stain. Results A total of 80 surgeries were performed. The sentinel lymph node was identified in 75 (94%) patients, 60 (75%) bilaterally; with an average detection of 1,9 nodes per patient. The most common site of identifi-cation was the obturator fossa, followed by the external iliac vessels (43,9%). 2,6% of the nodes were found in uncommon sites. 10 lymph nodes were cancer-positive. There were no false neg-ative sentinel node.Overall in our cohort the detection rate was 83% for specificity 95%. Conclusions Our data presented in this publication allow us to safely standardize and implement a sentinel lymph node technique with patent blue. This technique will allow us to adapt the sur-gery for the patient's needs, diminishing the incidence of complications associated with lym-phadenectomy. This is the first stage of our work which we must complement with indocyanine green and pathological study with ultrastaging to obtain an adequate validation and implementa-tion of sentinel node in cervical and endometrial cancer staging.

Câncer do colo do útero na gravidez / Cancer of the cervix in pregnancy

O câncer do colo do útero é o câncer mais comum na gravidez, com uma estimativa de 1 a 12 casos por 10.000 gestações. Com a melhora do rastreio do câncer do colo do útero e uma tendência feminina de engravidar em idade mais avançada, observa-se que cerca de 43% das pacientes diagnosticadas com câncer do colo do útero têm menos de 45 anos e 20% a 28% são menores de 40 anos. O diagnóstico e o tratamento da doença na gravidez são difíceis e desafiadores, pois geram angústia para a gestante, sua família e os profissionais de saúde. Novos estudos destacam que a preservação da fertilidade e a qualidade de vida estão se tornando preocupações cada vez mais importantes de mulheres jovens com câncer e que os procedimentos cirúrgicos devem ser menos invasivos. O comitê de oncologia da FIGO revisou o sistema de estadiamento do câncer do colo do útero. Este artigo discute o diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer do colo do útero com base no estágio da doença, incluindo atenção a questões de fertilidade e qualidade de vida.(AU)

Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in pregnancy, with an estimated 1-12 cases per 10,000 pregnancies. With improved cervical cancer screening and a tendency to become pregnant at a later age, it is noted that about 43% of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer are younger than 45 and 20-28% are younger than 40 years. Diagnosis and treatment of the disease in pregnancy are difficult and challenging, as they create distress for pregnant women, their families and health professionals. New studies highlight that preserving fertility and quality of life are becoming increasingly important concerns for young women with cancer and that surgical procedures should be less invasive. The FIGO oncology committee reviewed the staging system for cervical cancer. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer based on the stage of the disease, including attention to issues of fertility and quality of life.(AU)

Fatores prognósticos de resposta à quimioterapia em tumores avançados do colo uterino: o papel da neoangiogênese / Prognostic factors for response to chemotherapy in advanced tumors of the uterine cervix: the role of neoangiogenesis

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a expressão do Fator de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular (VEGF), seu receptor (VEGFR-2), idade e tipo histológico de carcinomas avançados de colo uterino com relação à resposta clínica à quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Métodos: foram incluídas 40 pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma de colo uterino (IB2 e IVA), com biópsias prévias ao tratamento. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas à quimioterapia neoadjuvante e avaliadas quanto à resposta clínica e à expressão do VEGF. Considerou-se boa resposta clínica uma regressão tumoral total ou maior do que 50%. Resultados: em relação à resposta à quimioterapia, 18 pacientes (45%) apresentaram boa resposta e 22 (55%), má resposta. Quanto à expressão do VEGF, em 16 pacientes foi considerada positiva e em 24, negativa. Quando os casos foram analisados separadamente em relação à resposta à quimioterapia, somente a expressão positiva de VEGF foi associada à boa resposta clínica (p=0,0157). Conclusão: a expressão de VEGF mostrou ser isoladamente, um importante marcador de boa resposta ao tratamento quimioterápico neoadjuvante das pacientes com carcinoma avançado de colo uterino.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), its receptor (VEGFR-2), age and histological type of advanced cervical carcinomas with respect to the clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: we studied 40 patients with cervical carcinoma (IB2 and IVA) diagnosed by biopsies prior to treatment. All patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and evaluation for clinical response and expression of VEGF. We considered a tumor regression greater than 50% as a good clinical response. Results: eighteen patients (45%) had good response to chemotherapy, and 22 (55%), poor response. VEGF expression was positive in 16 patients and negative in 24. When analyzed separately for response to chemotherapy, only the positive expression of VEGF was associated with good clinical response (p=0.0157). Conclusion: VEGF expression alone was an important marker of good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix.

Ensaio clínico fase II de não inferioridade, randomizado e controlado, para avaliação da histerectomia extrafascial no tratamento do câncer de colo uterino em estágio Ia2-Ib1 ≤ 2cm / LESs surgical radicality for early stage cervical cancer (LESSER)

Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgico do câncer do colo do uterino consiste numa ressecção radical com necessidade de parametrectomia, acrescentando assim morbidade ao tratamento, talvez, não necessária em pacientes com doença inicial. Objetivo: Avaliar a não-inferioridade da histerectomia extrafascial em comparação à histerectomia radical modificada, ambas com linfadenectomia pélvica bilateral, em termos de eficácia e segurança para tratamento dos tumores de colo uterino em estádio IA2 ­ IB1 ≤ 2cm. Casuística e métodos: Quarenta e duas mulheres portadoras de câncer do colo uterino em estadios clínicos IA2 a IB1 com tumores ≤ 2cm, candidatas a tratamento cirúrgico eletivo com intenção curativo foram randomizadas 1:1 para realização de histerectomia extrafacial ou histerectomia radical modificada no período entre maio de 2015 a abril de 2018, 40 foram avaliadas. Características clínicas e patológicas foram coletadas de forma prospectiva. Os dados de qualidade de vida foram coletados com o uso do questionário EORTC QLQ-30. Resultados: Ambos os grupos apresentaram, tanto as características clínicas (Idade, Peformance Status, ASA, Estadiamento clínico e tamanho da lesão no exame físico no pré-operatório), quanto as características tumorais no anatomo patológicas (subtipo, Grau de diferenciação, tamanho maior que 2 cm, invasão angiolifática, número de linfonodos dissecados, presença de linfonodo metastático e invasão estromal) similares. O tempo cirúrgico mediano foi maior (199,5 minutos) no grupo de histerectomia radical modificada, com uma diferença de 49,5 minutos (p=0,003), assim como o tempo de sondagem vesical no pós-operatório também foi maior em pacientes submetidas a histerectomia radical modificada (p=0,043). Não houve mortalidade pós-operatória (nos primeiros 30 dias) e a taxa de complicações pós-operatórias foi similar, com 15% e 20% (p=1,000), assim como o a necessidade de adjuvânica com 30% e 20% (p=0,480), para os braços de histerectomia extrafascial e radical modificada, respectivamente. Houve similariedade nas escalas de funcionalidade física ou sintomas entre ambos os braços do estudo antes e 6 meses após o procedimento cirúrgico, exceto a função emocional que melhorou no grupo de histerectomia radical modificada após 6 meses, quando comparado com o mesmo grupo de pacientes antes da cirurgia. O seguimento mediano foi de 16,2 meses e a sobrevida livre de doença em 2 anos (análise interina) foi de 95% e 100% nos braços histerectomia fascial e radical modificada, respectivamente (p=0,405). Uma paciente faleceu após 25 meses de seguimento, no grupo da histerectomia extrafascial, devido a progressão de doença regional. Conclusão: A histerectomia extrafascial apresentou uma baixa morbidade e mostrou-se segura no tratamento das pacientes com câncer de colo uterino inicial e não parece ser inferior à histerectomia radical modificada nesse contexto, e a parametrectomia talvez seja desnessária nesse subgrupo populacional. As análises dos dados do desfecho primário, após um maior seguimento, são esperadas antes da realização da conclusão final

Introduction: Surgical treatment of cervical cancer consists of a radical resection requiring parametrectomy, thus adding morbidity to the treatment, perhaps not necessary in patients with initial disease. Objective: To evaluate non-inferiority of simple hysterectomy in comparison to radical modified hysterectomy, both inclunding bilateral pelvic lynphadenectomy, in terms of efficacy and safety for treatment of uterine cervical tumors in stage IA2 - IB1 ≤ 2cm. Methods: Forty-two women with uterine cervical cancer in clinical stages IA2 to IB1 with tumors ≤ 2 cm, candidates for elective surgical treatment with curative intent were randomized 1: 1 to perform simple hysterectomy or modified radical hysterectomy in the period from May 2015 to April 2018, 40 were evaluated. Clinical and pathological characteristics were collected prospectively. Health-related quality of life was assessed with the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). Results: Clinical characteristics (age, Peformance Status, ASA, clinical staging and lesion size in the preoperative physical examination), as well as tumor characteristics in anatomical pathology (subtype, degree of differentiation, size greater than 2 cm, angiolipathic invasion, dissected node's number, nodal metastasis and stromal invasion) were well balanced between the treatment groups. The median surgical time was greater (195 minutes) in the modified radical hysterectomy group, with a difference of 49,5 minutes (p = 0.003), such as, postoperative bladder catheterization days was also higher in patients submitted to modified radical hysterectomy (p = 0.043). There was no postoperative mortality (in the first 30 days) among all patients and the rate of postoperative complications was similar, with 15% and 20% (p = 1,000), as well as the need for adjuvante treatment with 30% and 20% (p = 0.480) for the arms of simple and modified radical hysterectomy, respectively. Global health or quality of life and physical functioning scores were similar between groups, before and 6 months after the surgeries, except for the emotional function, that improved in the group of modified radical hysterectomy after 6 months when compared with the same group of patients prior to surgery. The median follow-up was 16.2 months and the 2-year disease free survival (interim analysis) was 95% and 100% in the simple hysterectomy's and modified radical's arms, respectively (p = 0.405). Only one patient died after 25 months of follow-up in the simple hysterectomy group due to regional disease progression. Conclusion: Simple hysterectomy presented low morbidity and it was safe in the treatment of patients with early stage cervical cancer and does not appear to be inferior to modified radical hysterectomy in this context, and parametrectomy may be not necessary in this population subgroup. We wait the final analysis of the primary endpoint

Tratamiento radical mínimamente invasivo en cáncer de cuello uterino invasor: experiencia de la Clínica Ginecotocológica A / Minimally invasive radical treatment for invasive cervical cancer: experience at gynecotological clinic A / Tratamiento radical minimamente invasivo no câncer de colo uterino invasor: experiência da Clinica Ginecotocologica A

Introducción: el cáncer de cuello uterino es el cuarto más frecuente a nivel mundial en mujeres. En estadios precoces la cirugía es el tratamiento de elección. El tratamiento quirúrgico estándar es la histerectomía radical tipo C1 y linfadenectomía pélvica. La vía de abordaje clásicamente utilizada en Uruguay es la laparotomía. Los resultados oncológicos por las diferentes vías de abordaje se consideran equiparables. Presentamos la primera serie de casos publicada en Uruguay de tratamiento quirúrgico de mínima invasión en cáncer de cuello uterino. Método: estudio descriptivo prospectivo de serie de casos. Se incluyen todas las pacientes operadas por cáncer de cuello uterino invasor como tratamiento primario con vía de abordaje de mínima invasión, desde enero de 2013 hasta diciembre de 2016 en la Clínica Ginecotocológica A del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Resultados: se operaron 17 pacientes: 14 histerectomía radical laparoscópica + linfadenectomía pélvica laparoscópica y 3 histerectomía radical vaginal + linfadenectomía pélvica laparoscópica. Edad media: 44 años. Tiempo quirúrgico medio: 261 minutos. Tiempo medio de internación posoperatoria: cinco días. Conversión a laparotomía: dos casos. Se resecaron una media de 14,4 ganglios pélvicos. Ningún caso con márgenes comprometidos. Hubo dos lesiones vesicales. Ningún caso de sangrado severo, transfusión, lesión intestinal, vascular ni ureteral. No hubo ningún caso de infección, dehiscencia, trombosis, reintervención o readmisión. No hubo recurrencias, con media de seguimiento de 29 meses. Conclusiones: la cirugía de mínima invasión es factible para el tratamiento del cáncer de cuello uterino en estadios precoces en nuestro medio, obteniendo un buen resultado anatomopatológico, quirúrgico y oncológico con baja morbilidad.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women around the world. Surgery is the first choice for treatment in early stages. The standard surgical treatment is Type C1 Radical Hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Laparotomy is the typical surgical approach used in Uruguay. Oncologic results are similar for the different surgical approaches. The study presents the first case series of minimally invasive cervical treatment of cervical cancer published in Uruguay. Method: descriptive, prospective study of a series of cases. All patients operated at the Gynecological Clinic "A", Pereira Rossell Hospital from January 2013 until December 2016 for invasive cervical cancer with minimally invasive approach as the primary treatment were included in the study. Results: 17 patients were operated: 14 Radical Laparoscopic hysterectomy + laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy and 3 radical vaginal hysterectomy + laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy. Average ager: 44 years old. Average surgical time: 261 minutes. Average post-surgery hospital stay: 5 days. 2 cases changed into laparotomy. An average of 14.4 pelvic lymph nodes were resected. In no case were margins compromised. Two bladder lesions, no cases of severe bleeding, transfusion, intestine, vascular or ureteral lesions. No cases of infection, deshicence, thrombosis, reoperation or readmission. NO recurrence, average follow up was 29 months. Conclusions: minimally invasive surgery is a feasible treatment for early stages cervical cancer in our country, obtaining good anatomopathological, surgical and oncological results, morbility being low.

Introdução: O câncer de colo uterino é o quarto tipo de câncer mais frequente entre mulheres em todo o mundo. Em estádios precoces a cirurgia é o tratamento de eleição. O tratamento cirúrgico padrão é a Histerectomia Radical Tipo C1 e a linfadenectomia pélvica. No Uruguai a via de abordagem classicamente utilizada é a laparotomia. Os resultados oncológicos pelas diferentes vias de abordagem são considerados equivalentes. Apresentamos a primeira serie de casos publicados no Uruguai, de tratamento cirúrgico minimamente invasivo no câncer de colo uterino. Métodos: Estudo descritivo prospectivo de serie de casos. Foram incluídas todas as pacientes operadas por câncer de colo uterino invasor como tratamento primário com via de abordagem minimamente invasiva, no período janeiro de 2013 ­ dezembro de 2016 na Clínica Ginecotocológica "A", Hospital Pereira Rossell. Resultados: foram operadas 17 pacientes: 14 Histerectomia Radical Laparoscópica + linfadenectomia pélvica laparoscópica e 3 Histerectomia Radical Vaginal + linfadenectomia pélvica laparoscópica. Idade media: 44 anos. Tempo médio da cirurgia: 261 minutos. Tempo médio de internação pós-operatória: 5 dias. Conversão a laparotomia: 2 casos. Foi ressecada uma média de 14,4 gânglios pélvicos. Nenhum caso apresentou comprometimento das margens. Foram registradas 2 lesões vesicais. Não se observaram casos de sangramento severo, transfusão, lesão intestinal, vascular nem ureteral. Não se registraram casos de infecção, deiscência, tromboses, intervenção ou reinternação. Não foram registradas recorrências, com um seguimento médio de 29 meses. Conclusões: a cirurgia minimamente invasiva é factível para o tratamento do câncer de colo uterino em estádios precoces no nosso meio, mostrando bons resultados anatomopatológicos, cirúrgicos e oncológicos com baixa morbidade.